Physics Unit30: Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity

1#

Which of the atomic particles has the least mxnvv zn; m zi(1.r,;h+8fnbxuass? (1.0 分)

A. electron

B. proton

C. neutron

D. nucleon

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2#

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The mass of an atom is+gjwq/5 k uj7 bia6mk6 (1.0 分)

A. approximately equally divided between neutrons, protons, and electrons.

B. evenly divided between the nucleus and the surrounding electron cloud.

C. concentrated in the cloud of electrons surrounding the nucleus.

D. concentrated in the nucleus.

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3#

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The hydrogen nucleus3 r5x t suxxn5f5i(4he consists of (1.0 分)

A. a single proton.

B. a single neutron.

C. one proton and one neutron.

D. one proton and two neutrons.

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4#

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An atom's atomic numbr:+li3q dn+p aer is determined by the number of (1.0 分)

A. neutrons in its nucleus.

B. nucleons in its nucleus.

C. protons in its nucleus.

D. alpha particles in its nucleus.

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5#

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An atom's mass number(f+uyvy )cs0hgm*s l; is determined by the number of (1.0 分)

A. neutrons in its nucleus.

B. nucleons in its nucleus.

C. protons in its nucleus.

D. alpha particles in its nucleus.

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6#

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If an atom's atomic number is given by Z, its atomic mascp8ayv-h0j na ; t;r1fs by A, and its neutron number by N, which of t a fp;8t yn1-ca;vhrj0he following is correct? (1.0 分)

A. N = A + Z

B. N = Z - A

C. N = A - Z

D. none of the given answers

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7#

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When a neutron is emitted from an unstable nucleus, the atom z78mzjg,lc/dic mass number of the nucleus/m7z c dz8ljg, (1.0 分)

A. increases by 1.

B. decreases by 1.

C. does not change.

D. none of the given answers

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8#

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The number of protons in an atom isy4 l0mluf x.:2m9.uenkc(vfs (1.0 分)

A. zero.

B. equal to the number of neutrons.

C. equal to the number of electrons.

D. the same for all elements.

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9#

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There is a limit to the size of a stable nucleus becau oguh*oixpf4ym0l2l- q/+wh-se of (1.0 分)

A. the limited range of the strong nuclear force.

B. the weakness of the electrostatic force.

C. the weakness of the gravitational force.

D. none of the given answers

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10#

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Atoms with the same atomih sp4 /y.vol4 y(j+lvar.b dg.c number but with different numbers of neutrons are referred to a4hylpyvbrja.. l vs. gd+(/o 4s (1.0 分)

A. nucleons.

B. nuclides.

C. isotopes.

D. none of the given answers

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11#

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Isotopes of an element hc( ;6n-yxtiz */faifufeo:,r5vktq)ave nuclei with (1.0 分)

A. the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.

B. the same number of protons, and the same number of neutrons.

C. a different number of protons, and a different number of neutrons.

D. a different number of protons, and the same number of neutrons.

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12#

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The atomic mass unit is defined az) f d/nnkr5pr :o eb3(i9*mdps (1.0 分)

A. the mass of a proton.

B. the mass of an electron.

C. the mass of a hydrogen-1 atom.

D. one twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

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13#

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Compared to the masses of its separate protons and bwo59 hi:knl-i3m.v o neutrons, the total mass of aiobvknh.m :95l i w3-o stable nucleus is always (1.0 分)

A. less.

B. the same.

C. greater.

D. zero.

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14#

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When nucleons join to3qs lk j(nju81 form a stable nucleus, energy is (1.0 分)

A. destroyed.

B. absorbed.

C. released.

D. not transferred.

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15#

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The binding energy of a nucleus is contra 3f hl ijnl8q+y7 g)swwd.ky,(arr2;ibuted to (1.0 分)

A. radioactivity.

B. alpha decay.

C. too many neutrons.

D. mass defect.

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16#

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The binding energy per nuczae i8.yyzdu:c b*aei(w1g )5leon is (1.0 分)

A. directly proportional to atomic number.

B. inversely proportional to atomic number.

C. the same for all atoms.

D. none of the given answers

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17#

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The binding energy per k:qhexj4r*9l as8x0/uilpm3 m/w qc3 nucleon (1.0 分)

A. increases steadily as we go to heavier elements.

B. decreases steadily as we go to heavier elements.

C. is approximately constant throughout the periodic table, except for very light nuclei.

D. has a maximum near iron in the periodic table.

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18#

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Which of the following statements concerning the j 8h3qtj9) qdyr2u2q2/ysqtj nuclear force is false? (1.0 分)

A. The nuclear force is very short-ranged.

B. The nuclear force is very weak and much smaller in relative magnitude than the electrostatic and gravitational forces.

C. The nuclear force is attractive and not repulsive.

D. The nuclear force acts on both protons and neutrons.

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19#

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Compared to the electrostatic force, bu 0g vvng2 pggncb4 6fcs-shd(o,f)m2 0 (u5gthe nuclear force between adjacent protons in a vggvbhu o nfbg6g2s( dc-0fu)2n0mcp,gs5(4 nucleus is (1.0 分)

A. much weaker.

B. about the same size.

C. only slightly larger.

D. much larger.

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20#

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Alpha rays can penetrat/;3n t(vfjsq( o ywxymg7:b u1e (1.0 分)

A. air only.

B. a piece of paper.

C. several millimeters of aluminum.

D. several centimeters of lead.

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21#

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Beta rays can penetrzrg* sl roqklf;r 1;, .kc7:ehate (1.0 分)

A. air only.

B. a piece of paper.

C. several millimeters of aluminum.

D. several centimeters of lead.

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22#

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Gamma rays can penetrateu0c cfx-rjo25 u uwhgi4akeeg*uu+8j*;l+ 8 o (1.0 分)

A. air only.

B. a piece of paper.

C. several millimeters of aluminum.

D. several centimeters of lead.

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23#

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An a particle is also d9bfo t)mx,j l.( hqux7l6o) bknown as (1.0 分)

A. an electron.

B. a positron.

C. a helium nucleus.

D. a photon.

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24#

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A b- particle is also knm)p0+rb1odp a.ro 6 gaown as (1.0 分)

A. an electron.

B. a positron.

C. a helium nucleus.

D. a photon.

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25#

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A $b+$ particle is also known as (1.0 分)

A. an electron.

B. a positron.

C. a helium nucleus.

D. a photon.

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26#

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A gamma ray is also kno26n2(twba:,j xi uv. ;a-ig 7f;4roirsjo mil wn as (1.0 分)

A. an electron.

B. a positron.

C. a helium nucleus.

D. a photon.

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27#

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An alpha particle will be att)w/;you o abqxz v8hx5z9 n9-practed to a (1.0 分)

A. gamma ray.

B. proton.

C. positive charge.

D. negative charge.

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28#

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Alpha particles have an atomic(q6v;3s dittc ypyq2z epe2)1 mass equal to (1.0 分)

A. 1.

B. 2.

C. 4.

D. 6.

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29#

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When an alpha particle is emitted from an unstable nucleus, the atomic mass nul v(pl kn9h:z(mber of the nuhp(:(klz lv 9ncleus (1.0 分)

A. increases by 2.

B. decreases by 2.

C. increases by 4.

D. decreases by 4.

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30#

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When an alpha particlemtr:a 0c;q1 3x03e k0 avxvnzo is emitted from an unstable nucleus, the atomic number of the nucleq310r0tka ovev0;3x:zca nmx us (1.0 分)

A. increases by 2.

B. decreases by 2.

C. increases by 4.

D. decreases by 4.

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31#

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The expression (MX -m98i:mq ;n3co*dozaz MY - Ma) x 931.5 represents (1.0 分)

A. the binding energy of the nucleus X.

B. the binding energy of the nucleus Y.

C. the energy released when nucleus X undergoes alpha decay.

D. the energy released when nucleus Y undergoes alpha decay.

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32#

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In beta decay (1.0 分)

A. a proton is emitted.

B. a neutron is emitted.

C. an electron is emitted.

D. an electron decays into another particle.

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33#

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During $b+$ decay (1.0 分)

A. a neutron is transformed to a proton.

B. a proton is transformed to a neutron.

C. a neutron is ejected from the nucleus.

D. a proton is ejected from the nucleus.

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34#

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During $b-$ decay (1.0 分)

A. a neutron is transformed to a proton.

B. a proton is transformed to a neutron.

C. a neutron is ejected from the nucleus.

D. a proton is ejected from the nucleus.

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35#

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When a $b+$ particle is emitted from an unstable nucleus, the atomic number of the nucleus (1.0 分)

A. increases by 1.

B. decreases by 1.

C. does not change.

D. none of the given answers

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36#

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When a $b-$ particle is emitted from an unstable nucleus, the atomic number of the nucleus (1.0 分)

A. increases by 1.

B. decreases by 1.

C. does not change.

D. none of the given answers

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37#

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When a $b-$ particle is emitted from an unstable nucleus, the atomic mass number of the nucleus (1.0 分)

A. increases by 1.

B. decreases by 1.

C. does not change.

D. none of the given answers

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38#

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Which of the following is most nearly the same as a gamm5pjalpk)yxn9ze5x (0s-m ) bn9vj0ft a ray? (1.0 分)

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39#

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When a gamma ray is emitted from an unstable nuclq;fat7cto.a9a ap/y0n0;q 1phauz4 peus, (1.0 分)

A. the number of neutrons and the number of protons drop by two.

B. the number of neutrons drops by one and the number of protons increases by one.

C. there is no change in either the number of neutrons or the number of protons.

D. none of the given answers

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40#

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Which particle has the mos *y9v9tl;yi no1z k.4d2 vmigjt mass? (1.0 分)

A. alpha

B. beta

C. electron

D. gamma

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41#

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In all three types of radioactive decay, what value is cmg;y d:m5 nl)cqzvt (9onserved in addition to elect:l;z)d9qgmnc y5 vm t(ric charge, energy, and momentum? (1.0 分)

A. atomic number

B. neutron number

C. nucleon number

D. none of the given answers

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42#

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What happens to the half-life of a radioactive sukiompqa;pn.iq )vky/pxxj*d 75 5e 0)bstance as it decays? (1.0 分)

A. It remains constant.

B. It increases.

C. It decreases.

D. It could do any of these.

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43#

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In radioactive dating, carbon-14 is oft 1cj: dx.eyn9ken used. This nucleus emits a single beta particle when it decays. ey9jdkn c:x.1 When this happens, the resulting nucleus is (1.0 分)

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44#

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The type of detector that uses a magnetic field to curvb6zpk mn z )7w5ia:m+se charged particles is a (1.0 分)

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45#

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The type of detector 6 fm8 ((e,yopabjdv1,i :v iylthat uses liquid hydrogen is a (1.0 分)

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46#

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Cloud chambers have been replaced bybvkvfg185- *r dhm*vc bubble chambers because (1.0 分)

A. the radioactive clouds were too dangerous to work with.

B. the density of fluids is greater than the density of vapors.

C. bubble chambers tend to be larger and more expensive.

D. gamma rays are visible in bubble chambers, but not in cloud chambers.

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47#

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An element with atomic mass number of 14 and atomic number 6 has how many protov2yrtfo+ jho/ ml16 ;p;3lmtiny;6ljtt m 3fil1/voopm2;+ rhs? (1.0 分)

A. 6

B. 8

C. 14

D. 20

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48#

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An element with atomicjo;eo j3u4nocj:cx 05 /cpd7x mass number of 14 and atomic number 6 has how many neutro:dc4c5 jex37o xpno uoj0c ;/jns? (1.0 分)

A. 6

B. 8

C. 14

D. 20

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49#

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The atomic number and mass nudem2h,ags *a9 b1h-; tu,z ppjmber for calcium 39 are 20 and 39, respectively. How manys9 ;amd*u j2pht ,1pg,-eahzb nucleons are in one atom? (1.0 分)

A. 1

B. 19

C. 20

D. 39

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50#

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The atomic number and mass number for calcium hcr668b.u z / f opys9o :w11v0hturta39 are 20 and 39, respectively. How many electrons are in o09byh. uvoa ts hr z1upfr1co6 :tw68/ne atom? (1.0 分)

A. 1

B. 19

C. 20

D. 39

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51#

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The atomic number and mass numbe,jmr68a,5t e8 (u 7llqiqzh vgr for calcium 39 are 20 and 39, respectively. How man,85rg6l zmau,( i8q l e7jhtvqy protons are in one atom? (1.0 分)

A. 1

B. 19

C. 20

D. 39

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52#

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The atomic number anwpza2 k1c* 34k syip7ud mass number for calcium 39 are 20 and 39, respectively. How ma4ysz13i wcukp *72 pkany neutrons are in one atom? (1.0 分)

A. 1

B. 19

C. 20

D. 39

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53#

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In a 93 Nb nucleus, the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons is 41gzv3a i v+lzd74 fq ,d55 ugy0w:l4ssi (1.0 分)

A. 41, 52, 93.

B. 41, 52, 52.

C. 41, 52, 41.

D. 41, 52, 0.

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54#

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How many protons are there in the carbon/p tf5)n ups3a-14 nucleus? (1.0 分)

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55#

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If an element of atomic number 15 has an isotope of mass number 32,cx:c00a-1amw c t qo.urlyc/ ;d3mb)m (1.0 分)

A. the number of neutrons in the nucleus is 15.

B. the number of neutrons in the nucleus is 17.

C. the number of protons in the nucleus is 17.

D. the number of nucleons in the nucleus is 15.

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56#

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Calculate the binding energy of 5u:vgnmquz-en6gx+9+.e f :cg nu(ux $^4He$. (1.0 分)

A. $28.3 \; MeV$

B. $20.4 \; MeV$

C. $14.2 \; MeV$

D. $7.80 \; MeV$

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57#

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How much energy is required to nmi;mj8) 01nxfjcu 5yremove one proton from $^9Be$? (1.0 分)

A. $16.9 \; MeV$

B. $19.6 \; MeV$

C. $58.2 \; MeV$

D. $82.5 \; MeV$

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58#

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An element with atomic number 88 goes through alpha decay. Its atox 00-aqhdj(tu mic number is u 0jq-atx h0(dnow (1.0 分)

A. 80.

B. 84.

C. 86.

D. 88.

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59#

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An atom has 98 protons and 249 nucleons. If it undergo5lx58,og(gbadi- 2s zk mn/n les alpha decay, what are the number of protons and neutronsgmabioz,nlx5g(l / 8d5skn-2 , respectively, in the daughter nucleus? (1.0 分)

A. 100, 245

B. 94, 247

C. 96, 245

D. 100, 249

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60#

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A carbon-14 nucleus decays to a nitrogen-14 nucleus by beta decay. How much enetcfx 1.g7ac5r xt-nt. rgy (in MeV) is released if carbon-14 has a mass of 14.003242 u and nitrogen-14 has a mass of 14.003074xrt 1f7t.5gancc-xt . u? (1.0 分)

A. $0.0157 \; MeV$

B. $0.157 \; MeV$

C. $1.57 \; MeV$

D. $15.7 \; MeV$

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61#

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An element with atomic:lsj01im,j/jjm9 q/ fnz5 l rs number 6 undergoes $b-$ decay. Its atomic number is now (1.0 分)

A. 7.

B. 6.

C. 5.

D. 2.

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62#

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If the half-life of a material is 45 years, how z4h e;zh .z.eomuch will be left after 100 yearzze.ho4 hez. ;s? (1.0 分)

A. more than 1/2

B. less than 1/2

C. more than 1/4

D. less than 1/4

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63#

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If $4.0 \times 10^{18} \; atoms$ decay with a half-life of 2.3 years, how many are remaining after 3.7 years? (1.0 分)

A. $2.5 \times 10^{18}$

B. $1.7 \times 10^{18}$

C. $1.3 \times 10^{18}$

D. $1.1 \times 10^{18}$

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64#

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What is the probability that an atom will decay this yek +;w)x 45:q e-newuo2ac sufn/ki*yjar if its half-life is 247 yearsk* 2faewwcyxjiu54k+ sq:u-oe/nn; )? (1.0 分)

A. 0.0017

B. 0.0028

C. 0.017

D. 0.071

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65#

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A Thallium source was certify3qj8e m (wh7mld 2v6+mgm ff7ied at $10 \; \mu Ci$ ten years ago. What is its activity now if the half-life is 3.7 years? (1.0 分)

A. $4.7 \; \mu Ci$

B. $3.3 \; \mu Ci$

C. $1.5 \; \mu Ci$

D. $1.0 \; \mu Ci$

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66#

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A radioactive sample has a half-life of 1gc )wqtv7 5ob(+-*m p2d qeruj0 min. What fraction of the sample is lefdej rw2gv)qo(cq * b7t-m+p5u t after 40 min? (1.0 分)

A. 1/2

B. 1/4

C. 1/8

D. 1/16

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67#

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The half-life of radioactive iodinn(7 bte l* haj*3rrc0qe-137 is 8.0 days. How many iodine nuclei are necessary to produce an aq(lj0*r*h3ra be7tcn ctivity of $1.0 \; \mu Ci$? (1.0 分)

A. $2.9 \times 10^{9}$

B. $4.6 \times 10^{9}$

C. $3.7 \times 10^{10}$

D. $7.6 \times 10^{12}$

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68#

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A radioactive substance with a half-life of 3.0 days has an initial activity ok;5gaubq-g7 if ag i;u-bkq5g7 $0.24 \; Ci$. What is its activity after 6.0 days? (1.0 分)

A. $0.12 \; Ci$

B. $0.48 \; Ci$

C. $0.06 \; Ci$

D. none of the given answers

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69#

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The radioactivity due to carbon-14 measured in a piece of a wooda :z ,9g0 0 ygkk fud)rcv*;0keafo,bren casket from an ancient burial site was found to produce 20 counts per miau;ffg0 r,*yk akr zceod,)k g0b9:0vnute from a given sample, whereas the same amount of carbon from a piece of living wood produced 160 counts per minute. The half-life of carbon-14, a beta emitter, is 5730 years. Thus we would estimate the age of the artifact to be about (1.0 分)

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70#

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How long would it ta1(9ax;u71uc zrt /a,b veir8de8eqeb ke $4.0 \times 10^{20} \; atoms$ to decay to $1.0 \times 10^{19} \; atoms$ if their half-life was 14.7 years? (1.0 分)

A. $29.4 \; years$

B. $58.8 \; years$

C. $78.2 \; years$

D. $147 \; years$

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71#

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How long will it take ax) nhz fwkna, zej1 puuv,5e w3akc41 /+hy3e; $4.5 \; Ci$ sample of material to reach an activity level of $0.14 \; Ci$ if the half-life is 435 years? (1.0 分)

A. $14,478 \; years$

B. $3245 \; years$

C. $2178 \; years$

D. $1993 \; years$

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